The decision as to the most suitable valve for the job is a relatively straightforward one. Body material, pressure class, size – these are all considerations. But when it comes to metal-seated ball valve coating materials, how is the choice determined? For a valve to meet specific application demands, it is essential that the proper trim coating materials be selected. Let’s take a closer look at this dilemma.
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Between the seat and the ball, there is metal to metal contact. This is how sealing is achieved by a metal seated ball valve. Unfortunately, galling occurs when even moderate pressure is present as similar hardness slide against each other. Eventually, the valve will seize up as the damage worsens. That is, if no coatings are applied.
But with the right coating, a smoother sliding operation can take place between the seat and ball, reducing friction. Wear and damage due to thermal swings, cavitation, particle impact, erosion, abrasion, and galling will be reduced. The valve’s operating torque is lowered by reducing friction in the trim.
Seat, ball, and valve body materials are selected based on chemical compatibility, temperature, pressure, and other factors. When choosing trim coatings, the same criteria must be considered. Instant failure could be the result of improper selection. But if you have unsuitable base materials, even the best trim coatings can’t make up for that. Through proper coating and base material selection, the valve will meet the demands of the application.
Processes:
Coatings:
CrC (chromium carbide) – Well-suited to extremely high-temperature liquid or gas applications. Superb resistance to corrosive media, erosion, and wear.
WC-Co (Tungsten Carbide) – Extremely resistant to high cycle operations wear and erosion from powders, slurries, mus, and abrasive catalysts.
Cobalt-based Alloy – Based on their individual suitability and properties, specific materials are applied, but multiple materials are used for coating. Individual properties can be based on part types such as bearings, shafts, plugs, and seats.
NiBo (nickel boron) – Performs well in high-pressure and high-temperature applications. Extremely resistant to damage from thermal shocks, cavitation, and erosion.
HCr (hard chromium) – Where most valves are concerned, this is a standard coating. It is suited to applications that are wide ranging in gases and liquids at moderate pressures and temperatures.
Why Coatings Are Used
There are three reasons for coating a ball valve, according to Brian Hood, product manager, U.S. Flowserve. The first reason is that “you’re using it on metal-to-metal seating to prevent galling,” he explains. The second is the need for wear resistance, and the third is for corrosion protection, he says.
Also, the same coating may not be used on all parts of the same valve, adds Thomas Schmidt, product manager, Europe, Flowserve. With inner valve parts, for example, “the throughput of the valve might be coated in chrome carbide or tungsten carbide and the seat and ball will be a different material,” he explains.
Type of Coatings
Different coatings types commonly used are:
Boronizing uses chemical vapor deposition (CVD) to produce an extremely hard diffusion layer that forms a true metallurgical bond with the substrate, creating conditions of non-porous and corrosion-resistance. Disadvantages of this type of coating are that it is very thin (about 1 mil), and cannot be used on large bores. Instead, this type is used in erosive or corrosive environments such as ball valves in gas refineries or chemical plants. A strength of this coating is that it has no defined temperature limitations, according to Flowserve . However, it cannot be used in nitric acid “or many other corrosive applications,” adds Gossett. John Simmons, CEO and president, Copeland Industries, Inc., cautions that “high heats can cause thermal distortions of the base metal, which limits its use for lapped metal ball valve seats.” He also adds that, “the lack of thickness makes it susceptible to point loading and galling.”
Chromium carbide gives a Rockwell scale (Rc) hardness of about 65 and resists erosion and extreme temperatures. This coating is applied using either thermal spray, which allows some porosity in the finished coating, or fusion, which is non-porous and can be more resistant to thermal shock. The high velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF)-applied coating can be quite fracture-resistant, while the fusion-applied coating has better corrosion resistance.
“Chrome carbide applied by the HVOF process (thermal spray) and has less nickel chrome binder,” says Simmons. “It is normally harder and more erosion resistant. We see little difference as far as resistance to thermal shock if applied correctly.”
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“Fused coatings are more non-porous but are rarely used because they are typically softer and the base alloys are normally nickel based as well,” he adds. “The fusion process involves heats that can be over °F and can distort the base metal making it more costly and unsuitable in many applications.”
Hard chrome is applied electrolytically. This material provides a hard surface and requires little in the way of secondary operations, although some lapping or polishing may be required to get a surface finer than 6 root mean square (rms).
According to Metso Neles , this coating is “suited to a wide range of applications in clean liquids and gases at moderate temperature and pressure. Its corrosion resistance is equivalent to stainless steel (AISI 316) with certain limitations,” including poor resistance to low pH, “and it should not be used with seawater, wet chlorine or other media with high chloride content.”
One drawback to hard chrome has nothing to do with its properties as a coating, but with the process used to apply it, which involves use of hexavalent chromium—Cr(VI), a substance under increasing restriction. However, this has not currently been an impediment for valve makers. Gossett points out that, while the number of vendors providing chrome plating services has decreased in general, this has been primarily in the consumer products area. “As far as conventional hard chrome plating,” he says, “I haven’t really heard about any real problems getting that.”
Don Bush, principal materials engineer at the Fisher Valve division of Emerson Process Management, agrees that restrictions on Cr(VI) are not a problem at present, but may become more of an issue in the future. In the meantime, he said he’s depending on his supplier to follow the regulations. In any case, he continues, “at this point in time there are not any good replacements.” Simmons also points out that, “with large batches chrome plating is still less expensive.”
Hood, on the other hand, suggests that environmental factors constitute an argument for thermal spray coatings, which use no Cr(VI) and have little environmental impact.
Cobalt-based alloys are applied by thermal spraying, spray & fuse or welding. Fused and welded cobalt-based alloys are softer, but HVOF spray applications of this material can be some of the hardest alloys available. Typical names include Stellite 6 and Tribaloy. “CFS100 is over 68 Rc as applied by Copeland Industries,” Simmons says, “and is one of our most popular coatings for balls and seats.”
Ceramic coatings can provide hardnesses exceeding 60 Rc (although they are normally in the 50-55 Rc range) and include chromium oxide, titanium oxide and combined aluminum-titanium oxides. Such coatings can be applied by thermal spraying or plasma spraying. There is also a version of this coating that combines titania and chromia applied over a tantalum bond coat. However, this application has received criticism for poor bond strength, porosity and cracking with plasma-deposited chromium oxide. “The coating de rigueur today is titanium dioxide,” says Hood, “so you have hardness and wear or abrasion resistance, with the added benefit of good corrosion resistance.”
Electroless nickel is widely used where corrosion resistance is more important than hardness . It is applied by a purely chemical process. The result is a material with good corrosion resistance and thickness uniformity that is inherently smooth, requiring little in the way of secondary operations such as grinding. Proponents of electroless nickel say that with heat treating, this coating can reach hardness levels approaching those of chromium plate , although at a cost to its corrosion resistance. And, as with plating in general, bond strength to the substrate is not as great as that of materials applied by welding processes.
Simmons feels this coating is not suitable for severe service. “It’s good for low pressure valves,” he says, “maybe up to 300-lbs in some cases 600-lbs pressure, but above that or for very severe services we rarely see it used.”
Nickel Boron is applied with a thermal spray and fuse technique. According to Metso Neles, it’s suitable for “high-temperature, high-pressure applications with abrasive media and dry gases. It is resistant to damage from erosion, cavitation and thermal shocks and is ideal for steam service, catalyst handling and coal gasification.” However, it is not very corrosion resistant and is not suitable for acids or chlorine.
Nitriding works by modifying the treated surface while not changing the dimensions of a part. This coatingcan achieve Rc levels up to 70, depending on the substrate. It can be applied by ion or gas methods, or a high-temperature salt bath process. Advantages include little or no requirements for secondary machining, although high temperature applications may require secondary machining due to thermal distortion.
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and other fluoropolymer coatings provide good corrosion resistance at low cost, but cannot stand up to abrasive media or extreme temperatures. “This is always your lowest cost solution for corrosive applications,” says Hood. Fluorocarbon particles can also be added to other coatings, including electroless nickel, to improve lubricity. PTFE is used extensively for seats.
Tantalum is highly corrosion resistant, yet has been considered expensive. Tantaline offers a vapor deposition process that deposits a thin (0.002 inch) alloyed tantalum coating that it says has unit costs typically 15% less than traditional Hastelloy ball valves. Simmons cautions, however, that using thermal sprayed tantalum for a corrosion barrier over a less noble metal can result in failure, in some cases, because it does have some porosity.
Tungsten carbide gives a wear and erosion-resistant surface with an Rc hardness of about 70 generally applied using thermal spray. With this coating, there have been reports of cracking under thermal cycling. While most tungsten carbide coatings are cobalt-based, Hardide has a tungsten carbide coating applied using low-temperature CVD that it says eliminates the cobalt binder traditionally used in sintered or sprayed tungsten carbide.
Tungsten chromium carbide gives an Rc hardness of about 70 also usually applied using thermal spray. This coating is used for corrosive liquids at moderate temperatures, but should be used only with wet media, according to Metso Neles.
Summary
The wide selection of coatings and surface treatments available for ball valves makes doing the homework on which is right for which application crucial. This research, however, may be the difference between a successful application and headaches down the line
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