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Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a compound of silicon and oxygen, commonly called silica and the elements are linked by the covalent bond. It is one of the components of the sand and can be found naturally in Quartz. It is usually white or colorless and is not soluble in water or ethanol.
By associating with minerals, it forms the silicate family. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) has several industrial applications such as an additive in the food industry. Its function is to act as an anti-binder, anti-foaming agent, viscosity controller, desiccant, beverage clarifier and as an excipient of medications and vitamins. Due to its insolubility in water, silica has little biological availability and is not considered a source of silicon. Silicon found in other more soluble forms contributes to the formation and maintenance of bones and cartilage. Meet Nanografi's high purity silicon dioxide (SiO2) products and experience quality in many application areas.
Silicon dioxide is a solid and colorless crystalline substance. Silicon dioxide does not react with water and is resistant to acids. The molecular formula of the substance is SiO2. Silicon oxide, a member of the group of acidic glass-forming oxides, interacts with increasing temperature with alkalis and basic oxides, soluble in hydrofluoric acid, tends to form a supersonic fusion, that is, glass is an excellent dielectric. The main properties are stated below:
SiO2 Nanoparticles is transparent and its density is kg/m3.
The molar mass of SiO2 is 60. g/mol.
The melting point is K, whereas the boiling point is K.
Its crystal structure is Quartz, cristobalite or tridymite.
Figure 1. Structure of Silicon Dioxide (SiO2)
Silica (SiO2) nano powder is used to make flat glass, glass products, molten sand, cement, fiberglass, ceramic enamel, sandblasting for antioxidants, filter sand, flux, refractory and light concrete. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Nanoparticles is widely used in many industrial products. Rare crystals in nature can be used to create important parts of the electronics, optical instruments and crafts industry.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano powder is an important raw material for the manufacture of optical fibers. Generally, pure quartz can be used to make quartz glass. The coefficient of expansion of quartz glass is very small. It is equivalent to 1/18 of ordinary glass. It can withstand temperature change and acid resistance is good. Therefore, quartz glass is often used to make chemical instruments resistant to high temperatures. Quartz sand is often used as a glass material and as a building material.
Silica (SiO2) nano powder is the preferred material in the adhesive and sealant field. Adding it to the sealant can quickly form a net structure, inhibit colloidal liquid, increases speed, improves the effect of bonding, and because the particles are small, the sealing of the adhesive increases.
Moreover, due to the special development of hydrophobic silicon dioxide, structural adhesives belonging to advanced technologies have been produced. These structural adhesives allow the joining of different materials such as steel, aluminum, magnesium, and plastic.
Numerous processes can benefit from the technical advantages and improvements that can be made with the proper selection of dioxides that have been specially developed for the special adhesives and sealants industry. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano powder not only improves the mechanical and rheological properties but also acts as a counter to the solution of agents that improve the storage and processing stability of adhesives and sealants.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a commonly used nanomaterial in nanostructured epoxy adhesives. For in-depth information about epoxy adhesives, read our blog.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) Nanoparticles has a three-dimensional network structure and a large specific surface area. They show great activity and can form a mesh structure when the paint dries, it increases the strength and finish of the coating and improves the suspended pigment of the paint which do not fade for a long time.
Silicon (SiO2) nano powder has played an important role in functional textiles, at present, it has been used to prevent ultraviolet and works as an anti-aging and anti-bacterial deodorant. For example, the appropriate proportion of Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Nanoparticles is an important additive in resistance to ultraviolet radiation fiber.
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Due to its large specific surface area, high porosity and good surface activity, Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder has potential applications in the catalysis. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder works as a catalyst carrier. It shows the unique response performance for many sensitive reactions.
Silica (SiO2)nano powder is used as a carrier in the preparation of fungicides, in which the antibacterial ion can be adsorbed and achieve the objective of sterilization. The application is used for the manufacture of items such as the refrigerator case, the computer keyboard. etc.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Nanoparticles as lubricating oil additives show the excellent anti-wear property. In the field of lubricating oil additives, the particles of Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nano powder has hydroxyl and unsaturated bond and can form a solid chemical adsorption film and protect the metallic surface to significantly improve the friction performance of the lubricating oil.
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Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Nanoparticles can replace carbon black as a reinforcing agent. It is anti-aging and changes color in rubber, it can produce colorful adhesive on the side of the tire.
Silica (SiO2)Nanoparticles may be used in cellular functions. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder has good biocompatibility and, therefore, are widely used as biological carriers. It has been found that Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder interfere with the passage of Wnt signaling, which affects biological processes such as adipocyte differentiation, cancer cell migration and the development of zebrafish embryos. Silica (SiO2)Nanoparticles can cause Wnt signaling molecules to access the lysosome and degradation, and other molecules of Wnt signaling is not affected.
Silica (SiO2)nano powder has an absolute necessity in the pharmaceutical industry. Silicon dioxide has become one of the most important and frequently used pharmaceutical excipients. The improvement of the flow properties of the materials necessary for the modern manufacture of tablets and capsules is nothing more than an example of the advantages obtained by the use of Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder.
Some of the advantages and benefits of Silicon dioxide (SiO2)Nanoparticles for the pharmaceutical industry are solid forms of drugs, semi-solid forms of drugs, liquid forms of drugs, HD Pharma grade and Pharmacopoeia monographs.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder is mainly used in paints and coatings to control rheological characteristics, as a thixotropic agent, as opposed to the agent solution and to aid in the prevention of oxidation and Corrosion, this product should be added in concentrations of 0.5% - 2%.
It is a glass former. It is incorporated into the glaze as ground quartz. It is part of feldspars, clays, as a soluble source in the form of sodium silicate, it is found in all frits as well as in ashes especially rice or reeds. It has little influence on colors, except chrome and nickel reds. Increases opacity in glazes is rich in zinc and borax.
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Additionally, research has highlighted that graphene is one of the best materials in ceramic coatings. Read our blog post for more information.
In agriculture, Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles is used for seed treatment, can make vegetables, cabbage, tomatoes, yellow, cotton, corn, wheat, and increases the yield. Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder can be used in herbicides and pesticides.
In the food industry, food packaging bags that add Silicon dioxide (SiO2)nano powder keeps fruits and vegetables fresh. It is also used as anticoagulant, antifoam, thickener, auxiliary filter and clarifier in the food industry. The hygienic standard for the use of food additives stipulates that it can be used in egg powder, powdered sugar, powdered milk, cocoa powder, cocoa butter, vegetable powder, instant coffee, powder of soup, etc. The maximum amount of use is 15 g/kg.
Products that dissolve in water sometimes show a delay in getting wet or create lumps when removed. A further advantage of the adhesion of a food-grade hydrophilic Silica is that it improves wettability and even helps to prevent lumps from forming.
This is because silicon dust is enveloping, thus acting as a holder of space between the individual and the dust particles. In the water spaces, silicon dioxide provides good retention of colored powders and high transparency once it is raised in the water.
Thus, the addition of silicon dioxide helps prevent agglomeration, allowing powder producers to permanently offer a high-quality product worldwide, therefore, food products treated with silicon dioxide show stability and long storage.
Moreover, Silica is added in powdered foods and other supplements so that other ingredients bind together; For example, food manufacturers add silicon dioxide to salt and various species to keep substances dry, as an anti-caking agent, and to make processed foods tastier.
It also prevents the accumulation of some toxins in the body, such as aluminum and other heavy metals, which can prevent some problems that arise, as well as diseases when there is an acidic environment in many organs; the brain is one of them, which needs a good natural dosage to work properly over the years. Obviously, silicon dioxide is important to keep the musculoskeletal system healthy, especially during periods of training, where an extra agent is required to mineralize muscle collagen and bone system.
When the nails are brittle, a silicon dioxide supplement may be enough to recover them and keep them healthy. Taking silicon dioxide as a support agent for joint maintenance can be relatively useful. An investigation showed that by supplementing the diet with SiO2 as compared to other protective agents of the joints, this compound shows its power by keeping the entire system stronger in the face of hard training, in addition to helping to have a much more pronounced mental approach.
Silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles is a compound of silicon and oxygen, commonly called silica. It is one of the components of the sand. In nature, it occurs naturally as quartz. This spatially composed compound in a three-dimensional (crystallized) network forms quartz and all its varieties. If it is in an amorphous state it constitutes the opal and usually includes a high percentage of water. Silica (SiO2) nano powder has countless applications in a variety of sectors. It is used for the manufacturing of glass, quartz glass, soluble glass, optical fiber, important components of the electronics industry, optical instruments, crafts, and refractory materials. Moreover, it can act as reinforcing agent, adhesive, sealer and much more. It can be found naturally in Quartz. In fact, you will find its applications everywhere!
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References
Explained: Silicon Wafers and Its Applications - Nanografi Nano Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, , from https://nanografi.com/blog/explained-silicon-wafers-and-its-applications/
How Graphene is Better than Ceramic Coatings? - Nanografi Nano Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, , from https://nanografi.com/blog/how-graphene-is-better-than-ceramic-coatings/
Nanostructured Epoxy Adhesives - Nanografi Nano Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, , from https://nanografi.com/blog/nanostructured-epoxy-adhesives/
Silicon Dioxide, Diamond & Graphite (GCSE Chemistry) - Study Mind. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, , from https://studymind.co.uk/notes/silicon-dioxide-diamond-graphite/
Use of Nanotechnology in Textile Industry and Its future - Nanografi Nano Technology. (n.d.). Retrieved January 29, , from https://nanografi.com/blog/use-of-nanotechnology-in-textile-industry-and-its-future/
SiO2NPs nano-powder were obtained from Sigma Aldrich Chemical Co. (MO, USA, Cat Number: ). 4ʹ,6-Diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) was from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Shanghai, China). Hematoxylin'eosin, Toluidine blue O (TBO) and Alcian blue periodic acid schiff (AB-PAS) staining kits were all purchased from Solarbio Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China). Antibodies against Hu protein C/D (HuC/D), neuron-specific class III beta-tubulin (TuJ1) and anti-lysozyme were purchased from Abcam Co., (Cambridge, UK). Mouse secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) and mouse diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits were from Cusabio Biotech Co. Ltd. (Wuhan, China). The commercial kits of determining sucrase, lactase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were obtained from Nanjing Jiancheng Bioengineering Institute Co., Ltd. (Nanjing, China).
A total of 20 healthy male specific pathogen-free C57BL/6J mice, aged 4 weeks and weighted 8'12 g, were provided by Experimental Animal Center of Chongqing Medical University [Chongqing, China, License numbers: SCXK(Yu)-]. Animals were housed under constant conditions with room temperature at 23'±'1 °C and humidity at 55'±'10%. They were all maintained in a standard 12 h:12 h light'dark cycle. The mice were free access to laboratory mouse chow and tap water. The animals were randomly assigned into vehicle group and SiO2NPs-treated group according to the website https://www.randomizer.org. Each group had ten animals. The use of animals in experimental research were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Chongqing Medical University, and all efforts were made to minimize the pain or distress experienced by animals. This study received ethical approval from The Ethical Committee of Chongqing Medical University.
The powder of SiO2NPs were diluted in sterile physiological saline solution and sonicated with an ultrasonic cleaner (SB-DT, Ningbo Scientz Biotechnology Co., Ltd, Ningbo, China) on ice at 20% of maximum amplitude for 20 min. The suspended solution of SiO2NPs was freshly prepared for each time use. The surface area was 590'690 m2/g and the purity was 99.5% according to the instruction from manufacture. The morphology of SiO2NPs was observed by a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (Hitachi-, Hitachi, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan). A total of 150 nanoparticles were counted and the average size of nanoparticle was calculated. The average particle size of SiO2NPs used in current study was (27'±'12.926) nm. The field emission scanning electron microscopy (Hitachi-SU, Hitachi, Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (Oxford X-MAN 50) (FE-SEM/EDS) was used to determine the chemical elemental composition of SiO2NPs. The characteristics of SiO2NPs were shown in Fig. 1A'D. According to the results of previous study, the hydrodynamic diameter of SiO2NPs used in this study was 471'±'169 nm, the PDI was 0.48 and the zeta-potential was ''31.3'±'1.8 mV [32]. The surface area for SiO2NPs was 500'840 m2/g detected by Brunauer'Emmett'Teller nitrogen adsorption [32, 33].
Fig. 1Characteristics of SiO2NPs used in this study. A Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image of SiO2NPs was shown. Scale bar, 200 nm. B The average size of SiO2NPs was around 27'±'12.926 nm calculated from 150 nanoparticles in TEM images. C Scanning electron microscope image of SiO2NPs. Scale bar, 500 nm. D Chemical composition of SiO2 was detected by FE-SEM/EDS. Scale bar, 5 μm
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The dose of SiO2NPs used in this study were calculated according to the Chinese Standard for Food Additives (GB-). The calculation methods were described in detail as follows. It declared that the upper limit of SiO2 for using in food additives was 20 g/kg in the national standard of GB-. Herein, we assumed that the weight of each bag of infant food was 80 g and the weight of a 1-year-old infant was 10 kg. If each infant was fed with one bag of food each morning and evening twice a day. The total daily intake of SiO2 for each infant was 0.32 g/kg [(80 g'×'2'÷' g)'×'20 g'÷'10 kg'='0.32 g/kg]. Since the equivalent dose conversion from mouse to human was near 9.1-fold [34], the dosage of SiO2 was calculated from the following formula: 0.32 g/kg'×'9.1'='2.912 g/kg ' 3 g/kg. Thus, animals were treated with either vehicle solution or with 3 g/kg SiO2NPs suspension solution once a day via intragastric administration between 9:30 A.M. and 10:30 A.M. and lasted for 28 days. The number of cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted using TC20TM Automated Cell Counter (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
Hematoxylin'eosin (H&E) staining was carried out according to the protocols described previously [35]. In brief, after designed treatment, the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation under anesthesia. The intestine and brain tissues were quickly dissected and fixed in fresh prepared 4% paraformaldehyde. The sections were subsequently dewaxed in xylene and dehydrated by ethanol, followed by staining with hematoxylin and eosin. After mounting with neutral balsam, the sections were observed under an Olympus light microscope (IX53, Tokyo, Japan).
Goblet cells were stained by AB-PAS according to the procedures described previously [36]. Briefly, after treatment, the intestine tissue was collected and immersed into fresh prepared 4% paraformaldehyde. The sections were then dehydrated in the ethanol followed by staining with alcian blue solution, Schiff Reagent and hematoxylin, respectively. The sections were then subjected to the ethanol dehydration process and mounted with neutral balsam. Finally, the sections were observed under a light microscope (Olympus, IX53, Tokyo, Japan).
Mast cells were stained by Toludine blue according to the procedures reported previously [37]. In brief, the intestine tissue was dissected and fixed in fresh prepared 4% paraformaldehyde. The sections were then deparaffinized by xylene, dehydrated in the ethanol followed by staining with toluidine blue solution. After mounting with the neutral balsam, the sections were observed under an Olympus light microscope (IX53, Tokyo, Japan).
Immunofluorescence assay was performed according to the protocols reported previously [38]. Briefly, the intestine tissue was collected immediately and fixed in fresh prepared 4% paraformaldehyde. Hereafter, the sections were washed with phosphate buffer solution and blocked in the normal serum for 30 min. After incubation with the primary antibodies against TuJ1 (1:250) and HuC/D (1:250) overnight at 4 °C, the sections were then incubated with fluorescent dye-conjugated secondary antibodies for 1 h. Finally, the sections were stained with DAPI, and observed under a fluorescence microscope (Olympus, IX53, Tokyo, Japan). The fluorescence intensity was measured by using Image-Pro Plus 6.0 software (Bethesda, MD, USA).
Immunohistochemistry assay was carried out according to the procedures reported previously [39]. In brief, the intestine tissue was collected and immersed into fresh prepared 4% paraformaldehyde. The sections were deparaffinized in xylene and subjected to conventional gradient ethanol dehydration. Subsequently, the fresh 3% hydrogen peroxide was used to inhibit the activity of endogenous tissue peroxidase. After washing thoroughly with phosphate buffer solution, the sections were incubated in the block solution containing serum for 30 min followed by incubation of anti-lysozyme primary antibody (1:) at 4 °C overnight. Next day, the sections were incubated with biotinylated secondary antibody and horseradish enzyme-labeled streptavidin for 10 min, respectively. The positive reactions in the tissues were visualized by a freshly prepared diaminobenzidine. The sections were then observed under a light microscope (Olympus, IX53, Tokyo, Japan).
Quantitative PCR assay was conducted according to the protocols reported previously [40]. Briefly, the tissues of cortex, lung, intestine, liver were quickly collected and stored at ' 80 °C. Total RNA was isolated by using TRizol method. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized using Perfect Real Time PrimeScript' RT Master Mix. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed with TBGREEN Premix Ex Taq' II (TliRNaseH Plus) on the CFX Connect' Real-Time System (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA). The specific primers were synthesized by Sangon Biotech, Co., Ltd. (Shanghai, China), and the sequences of target genes were listed in Additional file 2: Table S1. The amplifications were carried out according the conditions shown as follows, 95 °C for 2 min, followed by amplification in 40 cycles of 95 °C for 5 s, 15 s at 60 °C and 20 s at 72 °C, then 65 °C and 95 °C for 5 s. The relative mRNA expressions of target genes were normalized by the relative amount of β-actin mRNA.
The tissues of intestine, lung and liver were quickly collected from each mouse at the end of treatment and stored at ' 80 °C before determination. The tissues were then homogenized in 0.9% sodium chloride solution using an electric glass homogenizer. The activities of sucrase, lactase, maltase, alkaline phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transferase, SOD and MDA contents were all determined using commercial kits.
The ELISA assay was conducted according to the protocols described previously [35]. Briefly, the intestine and lung tissues were obtained and stored at ' 80 °C until the assays were performed. Mouse sIgA and DAO ELISA kits were placed in room temperature for at least 20 min before use. The samples were added into each well followed by incubation for 2 h at 37 °C. Biotin-antibody was hereafter added after removing the liquid of each well, and incubated at 37 °C for 1 h. After washing with buffer, the horseradish peroxidase-conjugate was added into each well and incubated for additional 1 h at 37 °C. Subsequently, the chromogenic substrate was incubated for 15 min at 37 °C in the dark for color development. The absorbance was measured at the wavelength of 450 nm by a microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., Waltham, MA, USA).
The 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing was performed according to the protocols described previously [41]. Briefly, at the end of 28 days' treatment, the fecal samples of animals were collected under sterile conditions and stored at ' 80 °C before use. Total genomic DNA was extracted from samples and verified by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The bacterial 16S rRNA were amplified by the forward and reverse primers designed by adding a barcode to primer. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification reaction was performed on the ABI GeneAmp (Thermal cyclers from Applied Biosystems, CA, USA) with TransStart Fastpfu DNA Polymerase. The PCR products were excised from agarose and purified by AxyPrep DNA Gel Extraction Kit (Axygen Biosciences, CA, USA). Subsequently, the PCR products were quantified by QuantiFluor'-ST Blue Fluorescence Quantification System (Promega Co., WI, USA). The MiSeq library was constructed for preparation of the fragment DNA by TruSeq' DNA Sample Prep Kit. At last, the raw sequence reads were obtained by Illumina MiSeq platform at Majorbio Bio Tech Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China).
The raw sequence reads were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with 97% similarity on Majorbio's cloud website at https://cloud.majorbio.com (Majorbio, Shanghai, China) based on the Usearch software programs (version 7.1). The alpha diversity indices, Shannon, Simpson, Chao, Ace and the observed species were calculated by Mothur software programs (version v.1.30.1). β-diversity was obtained by principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) in the R software. The dominant phylotypes responsible for significant differences between two groups were assessed by linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe). Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) score was set as 2.0. The enterotypes of microbiota were analyzed in the ade4, cluster and clustersim packages of R software. The relationship between sample and microbial community was visualized by the Circos-0.67-7 software. Phylogenetic tree on the Genus level was bootstrapped using Mega software (version 10.0). The network analysis on the OTU level and network correlation analysis were performed on the software of NetworkX. The PICRUSt was used to predict the functional composition of microbial community.
Morris water maze was used for the assessment of spatial learning and memory function [42]. Briefly, Morris water maze was performed after indicated treatment. The circular pool was divided into four equal quadrants and filled with water. The mice were put into the water maze for adaptation with a 60 s free swim without the platform before trials. The hidden platform test was conducted for 4 consecutive days. The swim path of each mouse was recorded by the video camera mounted above the pool. The swim distance, escapes latency and the swim speed were all obtained from the tracking system. Finally, the hidden platform was removed for post-training probe tests at the last day, the time spent in the target quadrant and the number of platform crossings were recorded during test.
Open-field test was applied to assess the locomotor activity of animals [42]. In brief, the mouse was placed in the center of apparatus facing the same direction. The activity of each mouse in the apparatus was observed for 5 min. The apparatus was carefully cleaned with 75% ethanol between each trial. During the test, the total distance, distance moved in center and central square duration were all obtained from the tracking system with video camera mounted above the apparatus.
All the experimental data were reported as mean'±'standard error of the mean (S.E.M). Independent student-t test or non-parametric Mann'Whitney U test were applied to detect the statistically significant differences between two groups. The repeated-measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was use to assess the statistical significance on the escape latency, swim distance and swim speed in the Morris water maze. All the statistical analysis was carried out using GraphPad Prism 8.0 (GraphPad Software, La Jolla, CA), and the statistical significance level was set at p value less than 0.05.
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