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Choiceless awareness is posited in philosophy, psychology, and spirituality to be the state of unpremeditated, complete awareness of the present without preference, effort, or compulsion. The term was popularized in mid-20th century by Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti; the concept is a central theme in his philosophy. Similar or related concepts had been previously developed in several religious or spiritual traditions. The term, or others like it, has also been used to describe traditional and contemporary meditation practices, both secular and religious. By the early 21st century, choiceless awareness as a concept or term had appeared in a variety of fields, including neuroscience, therapy, and sociology, as well as in art. However, Krishnamurti's approach to the subject was unique, and differs from both prior and later notions.
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Choiceless awareness is a major topic in the exposition of Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamurti (''').[1] Beginning in the s, he often commented on the subject, which became a recurring theme in his work.[2] He is considered to have been mainly responsible for the subsequent interest in both the term and the concept.[3]
Krishnamurti held that outside of strictly practical, technical matters, the presence and action of choice indicates confusion and subtle bias: an individual who perceives a given situation in an unbiased manner, without distortion, and therefore with complete awareness, will immediately, naturally, act according to this awareness ' the action will be the manifestation and result of this awareness, rather than the result of choice. Such action (and quality of mind) is inherently without conflict.[4]
He did not offer any method to achieve such awareness;'[5] in his view, application of technique cannot possibly evolve into, or result in, true choicelessness ' just as unceasing application of effort leads to illusory effortlessness, in reality the action of habit.[6] Additionally, in his opinion all methods introduce potential or actual conflict, generated by the practitioner's efforts to comply. According to this analysis, all practices towards achieving choiceless awareness have the opposite effect: they inhibit its action in the present by treating it as a future, premeditated result, and moreover one that is conditioned by the practitioner's implied or expressed expectations.[7]
Krishnamurti stated that for true choicelessness to be realized explicit or implicit choice has to simply, irrevocably, stop; however, not as a result of decision-making, but through the ceasing of the functioning of the chooser or self as a psychological entity. He proposed that such a state might be approached through inquiry based on total attentiveness: identity is then dissolved in complete, all-encompassing attention.[8] Therefore, he considered choiceless awareness a natural attribute of non-self-centered perception, which he called "observation without the observer".[9]
Accordingly, Krishnamurti advised against following any doctrine, discipline, teacher, guru, or authority, including himself.[10] He also advised against following one's own psychological knowledge and experience, which he considered integral parts of the observer.[11] He denied the usefulness of all meditation techniques and methods, but not of meditation itself, which he called "perhaps the greatest" art in life;'[12] and stated that insight into choiceless awareness could be shared through open dialogue.[13]
Krishnamurti's ideas on choiceless awareness were discussed by among others, influential Hindu spiritual teacher Ramana Maharshi (''')'[14] and, following wide publication of his books,[15] they attracted the attention of psychologists and psychoanalysts in the s;'[16] in subsequent decades Krishnamurti held a number of discussions on this and related subjects with practicing psychotherapists and with researchers in the field.[17] His views on the subject have been included in scholarly papers on existential therapy,[18] education theory,[19] and peace research,[20] but they have also been discussed in less formal or structured settings.[21]
In late , almost half a century after he started discussing it, Krishnamurti included the concept in "The Core of Krishnamurti's Teaching", a pivotal statement of his philosophy: "Freedom is found in the choiceless awareness of our daily existence and activity."[22][23]
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In contrast with Krishnamurti's approach, other articulations commonly include choiceless awareness (or related ideas and terms) as part, or as the hoped-for result, of specific methodologies and meditation techniques.[24] Similar concepts and terms appeared or developed in various traditional and contemporary religious or spiritual doctrines and texts,[25] and also within secular disciplines such as psychotherapy,[26] rehabilitation medicine,[27] and counseling.[28] Choiceless awareness has been examined within the context of philosophy of perception and behavior,[29] while studies have cited its possible role in job performance.[30] Other studies have linked meditation based on the concept (among others), with neural activity consistent with increased attentiveness, considered a factor of well-being and happiness.[31]
One term that is often used as a near-synonym is mindfulness, which as a concept has similarities to or may include choiceless awareness.[32] Initially part of Buddhist meditation practice, it has been adapted and utilized for contemporary psychological treatment,[33] and has been applied as a component of integrative medicine programs.[34]
Related themes can be found in the doctrine and meditation practices (such as Vipassanā) associated with the Theravada school of Buddhism;'[35] and also in 20th-century offshoots such as the Thai Forest Tradition and the Vipassana movement.[36] Within these and similar fields, for example the Shikantaza practice in Zen Buddhism,[37] choiceless (or effortless) awareness is considered to frequently be the result of a mature progression of practice.[38]
The concept has been included in the discourse of transpersonal philosopher Ken Wilber (b. ),[39] and also of independent Indian spiritual teacher Osho (Rajneesh) (''').[40] Tibetan Buddhism teacher Chögyam Trungpa ('''), who engaged in dialogue with Krishnamurti,[41] used the term to describe the experience of shunyata (Śūnyatā) ' in Sanskrit, "emptiness", or "ego-less perception".[42]
Among other fields, the term has appeared in dispute resolution theory and practice,[43] and has found application in artistic endeavors. In dramatic theory, theater criticism,[44] and acting,[45] it has been used to denote spontaneous creativity and related practices or attempts; it has additionally appeared in music works.[46] Author J. D. Salinger ('''), who was interested in spirituality and alternative religions, was reputedly an adherent of Ramana Maharshi's ideas on choiceless awareness.[47]
Contrary to press reports published in the mid-20th-century,[48] later interest in practices related to, or influenced by, choiceless awareness, has resulted in unambiguously favorable mentions in the popular press.[49] Additionally, mass market general interest titles covering the subject have been published.[50]
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As a custom fastener manufacturer, Yiyuan can provide customized engineered fasteners based on your prints. We handle a variety of materials and custom fasteners. We can manufacture your fasteners from carbon steel, stainless steel, copper, aluminum and other materials. We also have the capability to produce high-volume to low-volume production in the tens of thousands (washers, hex head screws, and socket products). We can also handle many different plating specifications. Yiyuan can perform simple zinc treatment (including white zinc plating, colored zinc plating, black zinc plating), black oxidation, waxing, etc.
First and foremost, it is essential to ensure that you select the appropriate materials. One of the advantages of high-quality custom fasteners is their versatility in being crafted from various metal materials.
Commonly used metals and alloys for custom fasteners include brass, nickel, aluminum, bronze, copper, stainless steel, alloy steels, titanium, carbon steel, and exotic materials. The selection of suitable materials is crucial to ensure that the fastener can withstand the heat and effectively perform its intended function.
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The drive types located at the top of a fastener are crucial, just like the material. Using the wrong type of drive can lead to accidental stripping when you try to screw it in. It's also essential to ensure that the fastener is the correct size, or it may not fasten securely.
Here are some common drive types:
- Slotted: Features a single slot line across the head.
- Phillips: Has a cross-shaped slot.
- Sockets: Contains hexagonal sockets in the head.
- Squares: Has four evenly spaced lines.
- Star: Features a star-shaped recess.
- Tri-Wing: A triangular drive with three wings, often used for tamper-resistant purposes.
- One-Way: Designed for installation only, resisting removal for security.
- Spanner: Requires a specialized spanner tool, with two round holes for added security against tampering.
- Torq-set: Resembles a cross between Phillips and Torx drives, offering improved torque transmission.
- Clutch: Consists of a circular array of pins, ideal for high-torque transfer applications.
- Combination: A hybrid of two different drive types, such as Phillips and slotted.
Besides these standard drive types, it's also possible to create custom drives for specialized jobs.
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Fasteners can be customized with unique head shapes, sizes, or markings for branding purposes or to meet specific functional requirements. Among the most common types of fastener heads are the hexagon socket hex head, cap, button, dome, flat, oval, and pan. Custom engineered fasteners will have endless possibilities when it comes to the head type.
Custom fastener threads can be tailored to meet specific project requirements, but it's essential to consider various factors to ensure their effectiveness. Here's a general overview:
1. Thread Type: Determine the thread type based on the application requirements. Common types include machine screw threads, wood screw threads, and sheet metal threads.
2. Thread Profile: Choose the appropriate thread profile, such as metric, unified, or customized profiles like Acme or Buttress threads, based on the application's needs.
3. Thread Size: Determine the thread size, including major diameter, pitch, and minor diameter, considering the material's strength and the fastener's load-bearing requirements.
4. Material Selection: Select a material that meets the mechanical and environmental demands of the application, considering factors like strength, corrosion resistance, and temperature resistance.
5. Surface Treatment: Consider surface treatments like plating, coating, or heat treatment to enhance the fastener's performance and longevity.
6. Thread Fit: Determine the thread fit (e.g., Class 1, 2, or 3 for metric threads) based on the application's requirements for ease of assembly and disassembly.
7. Thread Direction: Decide on the thread direction (right-hand or left-hand) based on the application's specific needs.
Custom fastener finishing involves applying specialized coatings, platings, or treatments to fasteners to enhance their performance, durability, or appearance.
1. Coatings: Coatings like zinc, nickel, or chromium are applied to fasteners to protect them from corrosion. These coatings can also improve the aesthetic appeal of the fasteners.
2. Platings: Platings, such as electroplating or hot-dip galvanizing, provide a protective layer to prevent corrosion and wear. They can also offer decorative finishes.
3. Passivation: This process removes free iron from the surface of stainless steel fasteners, improving their corrosion resistance.
4. Anodizing: Commonly used for aluminum fasteners, anodizing creates a protective oxide layer on the surface, enhancing corrosion resistance and providing a decorative finish.
5. Painting and Powder Coating: Fasteners can be painted or powder coated for corrosion resistance and aesthetic purposes. Powder coating is often more durable than traditional paint.
6. Heat Treatment: Heat treatment can improve the mechanical properties of fasteners, such as hardness and strength.
1. Custom Bolts: Bolts are typically threaded fasteners with a head, designed to be used with a nut for fastening two or more parts together. Customization options for bolts include:
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- Drive Type: Options like hex, Phillips, slotted, etc.
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- Thread Type: Standard or custom thread types like fine, coarse, or specialty threads.
2. Custom Screws: Similar to bolts but typically without a separate nut, screws are used to fasten materials together by engaging with a pre-threaded receiving hole or by forming its threads. Customization options include:
- Head Style: Similar to bolts, screws can have various head styles.
- Drive Type: Choices include Phillips, slotted, hex, etc.
- Thread Type: Standard or custom threads.
- Material: Carbon steel,stainless steel,copper,aluminum. Different materials offer various strength and corrosion resistance properties.
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- Material: Carbon steel,stainless steel,copper,aluminum. Different materials offer various strength and corrosion resistance properties.
- Finish: Options for improved corrosion resistance or aesthetics.
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- Size: Dimensions can be customized to fit specific requirements.
- Material: Carbon steel,stainless steel,copper,aluminum. Different materials offer various strength and corrosion resistance properties.
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- Finish: Options for improved corrosion resistance or aesthetics.