The First Optical Fiber Laser and Amplifier, -
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In , Elias Snitzer and colleagues constructed and operated the world's first optical fiber laser in the former American Optical complex at 14 Mechanic Street. Three years later this team demonstrated the first optical fiber amplifier. Fiber lasers that can cut and weld steel have since become powerful industrial tools and fiber amplifiers routinely boost signals in the global optical fiber network allowing messages to cross oceans and continents without interruption.
The plaque may be viewed on the Southbridge Massachusetts Town Common on Main Street, Southbridge, MA, U.S.A. directly across from the old American Optical main plant where the work took place, and near the eyeglass sculpture. The Common is public land owned by Southbridge. On 23 January, the Southbridge Town Council granted permission to place the Milestone plaque in the Common.
The IEEE Milestone Plaque in the town commons
Aerial postcard of the AO plant (ca ).
Elias Snitzer, and colleagues developed the first working optical fiber laser and amplifier between and at the old American Optical plant in Southbridge MA. The development of the fiber laser drew from Snitzer's earlier work culminating in the first solid-state laser made of glass in plus his work in optical fibers in which he was the first to report the theory and observation of modes in an optical fiber. This ground-breaking combination of these two then-young technologies was many years ahead of its time.
Snitzer is shown (below right) with a Nd-doped glass rod in a photo from the early s. Historical images of the American Optical plant from that period are also shown below.
Elias Snitzer at American Optical with Nd-glass rod circa early 60s -003.jpg
The advent of optical fiber amplifiers was vital in building the high-speed backbone of the global telecommunications network, which carries our words, pictures and data around the planet. More recently, fiber lasers have become powerful tools in manufacturing, generating multikilowatt beams that can cut and weld materials from plastics to metals.
Other early solid-state lasers, such as the ruby laser demonstrated by Theodore Maiman in , another IEEE Milestone, were made of bulk materials. The fiber laser uniquely transmits the light it generates along a light-guiding core, concentrating its energy in a small area inside the glass, and making it easy to transfer light from a fiber laser into a passive optical fiber for transmission.
Similarly, the optical fiber amplifier acts on light propagating in a fiber's core. This became particularly important long after Spitzer's work when fiber-optic communications emerged in the s. Optical signals needed to be amplified after passing through tens of kilometers of glass and initially this required converting the signals into electronic form for amplification. Innovations by Payne and others (see below) led to the development of optical fiber amplifiers which could boost signals in the important 1.5 micron telecommunications wavelength band. The advent of optical fiber amplifiers suitable for communications enabled today's broad-band fiber networks which carry signals across continents and under oceans and provide the bandwidth necessary to transmit our words, pictures and data around the planet without interruption.
This work is documented in the following articles:
E. Snitzer and J. W. Hicks, "Optical Wave-Guide Modes in Small Glass Fibers, I Theoretical," paper TB36, Program of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, Vol 49, p. , November .
H. Osterberg, E. Snitzer, M. Polanyi, R. Hilberg, "Optical Wave-Guide Modes in Small Glass Fibers, II Experimental," paper TB37, Program of the Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America, Vol 49, p. , November .
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E. Snitzer, "Optial MASER Action of Nd+3 in a barium Crown Glass," Physical Review Letters, Volume 7, Number 12, pp. 444-446, December 15, .
Charles J. Koester and Elias Snitzer, "Amplification in a Fiber Laser," Applied Optics, Volume 3, Number 10, pp. -, October, .
The work that led to today's communications optical fiber amplifiers is documented in a number of publications including the following:Poole, S. B., Payne, D. N., and Fermann, M. E.: 'Fabrication of low-loss optical fibres containing rare-earth ions', Electron. Lett.,, 21, pp. 737-738, August .R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I.M. Jauncey, D. N. Payne, "Low-Noise Erbium-Doped Fibre Amplifier Operating at 1.54um," Electronics Letters, Vol 23, No. 19, September .E. Desurvire, J. R. Simpson, P. C. Becker, "High-gain erbium-doped traveling-wave fiber amplifier," Optics Letters, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 888-890, November .
Fiber lasers also have proved exceptionally well suited for efficiently generating high-quality beams with powers reaching many kilowatts in strength, greatly expanding the applications of lasers in cutting, welding and other machining of materials.
Map of AO complex ()
Map
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Way back in the mists of time, the laser cutting market was completely dominated by the carbon dioxide (CO2) laser. These had progressed from laboratory toys to industrial machines in the s and s, and by the s, they were multikilowatt plug-and-play devices with a high level of reliability. By the turn of the millennium, the laser cutting industry was generally considered to be mature and growing steadily. No one was expecting any major steps forward in the technology by that point.
So, around , I was not alone in being highly skeptical of the claims salesmen were starting to make about a revolutionary new laser cutting technology'the fiber laser.
Early results from these new lasers were interesting, but patchy'they were probably going to overtake CO2 lasers for cutting thin-section (3 mm and below) steel because they cut faster, but in thicknesses above ~5 mm, the surface quality was well below what we'd come to expect from the CO2 machines.
Experts like Dirk Petring1 got to work on why the cut quality on thicker sections was inferior and soon found the answer. In the case of CO2 lasers, the cut front was smooth and so the liquid metal flowed downwards in a very orderly way (FIGURE 1), leaving only minor ripple patterns on the cut edge.
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