What is pyrolysis? Pyrolysis is the chemical decomposition of organic compounds in the absence of oxygen. The thermal process usually takes place at temperatures between 450 °C ' 600 °C at negative pressure, and aims to break the long hydrocarbon chains into shorter ones. During this thermal process, syngas (or synthesis gas) is generated by the volatile compounds that would normally be sent to a combustion chamber for oxidation. The pyrolysis process also generates a solid, carbon-rich waste material known as char. Pyrolysis is the first stage in the gasification phase for combustion.
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Pyrolysis can be carried out in two types of kiln: rotary and static. Rotary kilns are recommended for large volumes of waste (1-5 t/h) and static kilns for smaller volumes.
This objective can be achieved by using small particles (typically <2 mm or less), for example in fluidized bed reactors. Another possibility is to transfer heat very fast only to the particle surface that contacts the heat source, which is applied in ablative pyrolysis. A second important aspect for fast pyrolysis is minimizing vapor residence time at pyrolysis temperature. This objective can be achieved by a combination of equipment size reduction and rapid cooling for bio-oil recovery, e.g. in a quench. After cooling and condensation, a dark brown mobile liquid is formed which has a heating value about half that of conventional fuel oil. The bio-oil is a complex liquid emulsion of oxygenated hydrocarbons, polymers and water.
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While it is related to the traditional pyrolysis processes, such as those for making charcoal, fast pyrolysis is a more complex process, with carefully controlled parameters to give high yields of liquid.
The main product, bio-oil, is obtained in yields of up to 75% wt on dry feed basis, together with by-product char and gas. These are often used within the process to provide the process heat requirements, so there are no waste streams other than flue gas and ash.
Virtually any form of biomass can be considered for fast pyrolysis. Most work has been carried out on (clean) wood since it produces highest yields of good quality bio-oil. Nearly 100 different biomass types have been tested by many laboratories ranging from agricultural wastes such as straw, olive pits and nutshells to energy crops such as miscanthus and sorghum, forestry wastes such as bark and solid wastes such as sewage sludge and leather wastes. The different characteristics of these feedstocks often lead to inferior bio-oil yield and quality compared to that from clean wood.
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