Lens culinaris
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Medik.) is an annual leguminous plant and one of the oldest edible crops [8,Lentil (Medik.) is an annual leguminous plant and one of the oldest edible crops [ 1 ]. Lentil is indigenous to the Middle East [ 2 ]. The crop is best adapted for production in temperate climates but is now produced in many regions of the world [ 3 ]. Canada, India, and Australia are the primary producers of lentil, with the three countries producing approximately 68% of global lentil production in 2019 [ 4 ]. The cultivation of this legume has gradually increased in Italy during the last 20 years, from more than 1000 hectares to more than 5600 hectares [ 5 6 ]. In 2020, more than 5612 hectares were cultivated in Italy for a total production of 4.98 thousand tons, with an average of around 0.89 tons per hectare [ 5 ]. The interest in grain legumes, which are a major alternative source of protein to meat for the future, is increasing at present [ 7 9 ].
−1 [The lentil suffers considerable yield losses, similar to other crops, because of various biotic and/or abiotic stresses [ 10 ]. The lentil is a species that is generally grown in dry conditions and often faces water deficit during key growth stages [ 6 ]. Furthermore, lentil is sensitive to salinity that is magnified in arid and semiarid regions [ 11 ]. The salinity tolerance limits are between 8.4 and 13.1 mS cm 6 ]. Lentil also faces temperature extremes during its life cycle, particularly heat stress [ 12 ], and is severely affected by long and intense frosts during reproductive growth [ 6 ].
Lentil plays a significant role in human nutrition and the environment, to reduce reliance on non-renewable resources and chemicals [ 13 ] and improves the soil fertility [ 14 ]. Because of its symbiotic relationship with rhizobium, it can fix atmospheric nitrogen (N2), minimizing the demand for synthetic nitrogen fertilizers.
Lentil is a high-nutritional food. It has a protein content that can reach up to 30%; the presence of vitamins is also appreciable, particularly of the B group. Iron is present to a greater extent than in wheat and rice kernels [ 15 ]. Lentil seeds represent a low-cost source of protein and starch, with the advantage of being resistant to starch when compared to cereal, root, and tuber starch [ 16 ].
Currently, in Italy, this legume is mainly cultivated in the central and southern marginal areas and on a few small islands [ 17 ]. One of the primary causes of the decline of lentil cultivation in the twentieth century in Italy is the lack of improved cultivars [ 18 ]. The genetic activity improvement in this species was not particularly prominent and was related to the assessment of the genetic variability in the Italian and foreign germplasms only after the mid-1980s [ 18 ]. Another reason for the limitations to the expansion of lentil cultivation in Italy is represented by the difficulty in finding the seeds of local ecotypes and their poor stability in different environmental conditions. Lentil landraces are generally being maintained in traditional farming systems by obtaining traditional seeds from generation to generation [ 15 ].
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The main goals of lentil genetic improvement are production stability, seed quality, and higher nitrogen fixation efficiency. A rigorous genetic selection activity has recently been developed to select lentil varieties rich in protein and appropriate for mechanization [ 18 ]. Breeding plans for multiple trait improvement projects in lentils must take into account more than one trait [ 19 ]. However, these lentil breeding programs based on gathering multiple traits together in one new genotype are limited by the choice of germplasm and the genetics and genetic relationships among the traits under selection [ 19 20 ].
This led to the development of a vast number of statistical procedures to select superior genotypes such as the Smith-Hazel index [ 21 ], multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index [ 20 ], multi-trait index based on ideotype design [ 22 ], and multi-trait stability index (MTSI) [ 23 ].
The MTSI is a selection index that utilizes the mean performance and stability of the genotype for multiple trait selection [ 24 ]. It is based on factor analysis, with each ideotype’s factorial scores designed according to desirable and undesirable factors. Then, depending on the accession-ideotype distance, a spatial probability is computed, enabling accession ranking. The accession with the lowest MTSI is hence closer to the ideotype and exhibits greater mean performance and stability across all variables analyzed [ 23 ].
Based on this context, the current study intends to (1) identify the stable accession of lentil for cultivation in South Italy under varied environmental conditions using MTSI indices and (2) evaluate the quality parameters of 13 lentil accessions over 3 consecutive years.
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