There are various Ductile iron pipe (DI pipe) joints on the market. These different types of joint designs can now allow for additional benefits for various applications. Joining pipe together is just as important as the pipe itself. It sounds like a simple procedure, but the environment in which the pipe is assembled is critical.
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Whatever you can imagine, a DI pipe joint is most likely available to be used in the application. Let us look at the different types of DI pipe joints and find the right one for your application.
Centuries ago, the first type of joint was a flanged joint. They used leather between the flanges, which equals the rubber gasket of today. The next type of joint was bell and spigot. It was assembled with jute packing with lead poured behind the packing. With manufacturers always looking for better designs, various joints have been developed over the decades.
How the joints are assembled is another feature that has evolved over the years, especially since Ductile iron pipe became the norm back in the s. You may experience different joints of pipe when repairing or replacing. Therefore, manufacturers will continue to publish information about their joints even though they no longer manufacture them because those joints are still in service.
The most common joint is the Push-On Joint. This joint is the simplest to install and is used in underground applications. Push-on pipe is a non-restraint joint. The full-circumference radial compression of the gasket between the bell and spigot forms the watertight seal.
You may take the necessary deflection if your line requires horizontal or vertical deflection once the joint is assembled. The size and the manufacturer of the pipe determine the allowable amount of deflection. The majority of push-on pipe allows for five degrees of deflection.
A five-degree deflection equals 19 inches in any direction ' AFTER THE JOINT IS PROPERLY MADE.
PRO TIP: Using the 1-INCH PER FOOT RULE in the field is a safe and effective method to avoid over-deflecting joints. For example, 18-foot pipe = 18-inch / 10-foot field cut = 10-inches deflection, and so on.
Mechanical Joint Pipe (MJ) is primarily used in fittings and valves. The mechanical joint may be configured as a non-restrained or retrained joint using a wedge action retained gland. These joints use the gland's compression against the bell to wedge the gasket, forming a watertight seal.
The evolution of the MJ restraint gland provides the design engineer the option to eliminate the use of thrust blocks reducing cost and improving the efficiency of the project.
Mechanical joints may be deflected to achieve the desired alignment after the joint has been tightened. A common error in assembling a mechanical joint is not using lubricant on the gasket. Not using lubricant on the gasket forces the gasket into the gasket recess. Once the gasket relaxes, the bolts become loose and require tightening again.
Proprietary Restraint Push-On Joints are unique to each manufacturer. These joints use the basic design of the push-on pipe to make the watertight seal. Each manufacturer has its own design that uses a deeper push-on bell and either specially designed wedges or rings to restrain the pipe against a welded bead on the pipe's spigot.
Restraint joints again provide the design engineer with excellent options to eliminate the use of thrust blocks. This reduces the cost and improves the efficiency of the project. Restraint joints are often required for high-pressure applications such as Pen Stocks or where operating pressures exceed typical conditions.
These joints also allow for different degrees of deflection depending on the design and size of the pipe. The deflection may be obtained after the joint assembly. These joints require minimal labor and time to assemble. These joints may be used in various installations including:
You cannot go wrong with the use of this type of restraint joint.
Locking Gaskets are used on push-on pipe to restrain the pipe. Locking gaskets are also unique to each manufacturer. There are currently other manufacturers developing locking gaskets. Before using locking gaskets from a supplier other than a DI pipe manufacturer, ensure they are approved for use with their pipe. Some locking gaskets are developed without the pipe manufacturers' written consent and may not work correctly on the pipe.
The restraint is engaged after the joint has been properly assembled, including deflection. Pulling back on the joint will 'lock' the teeth in place. Restraint gaskets are an excellent option and are primarily used in smaller diameters (24 inches and down). Primarily used for buried applications, restraint gaskets are not recommended for above-ground applications, bridges, or vertical applications.
One thing to remember when using a locking gasket is that you only get one shot on assembly, and they are extremely difficult to disassemble once assembled, even when using a shim kit to deactivate the wedges within the gasket.
Wedge Action Retainers are used with a mechanical joint to achieve a restrained joint that has deflection. The wedge action retainer takes the place of the MJ gland. Once you have assembled the joint, you may take the required deflection before tightening the bolts on the wedge. The wedges' bolts are designed to break or snap off once they reach the proper torque.
Wedge action retainers may be re-used if necessary. The key factor is to review the manufacturer's instructions for re-use provided with the gland to obtain the proper torque for the restraint.
A Bell Harness Restraint is an external restraint on push-on joint. The bell harness restraint utilizes a split gland behind the bell and a wedge action retainer on the spigot in front of the bell with a threaded rod secured by two nuts to hold the joint from disassembling when pressure is applied. This type of restraint is labor-intensive and requires additional excavation depth to properly allow the harness to be assembled around the push-on bell.
The Flanged Joint was one of the first joints ever used. This joint should be used for an above-ground application. It is a rigid joint and does not allow deflection or expansion. Therefore, it is not recommended for underground use because of ground shift. Ground shift could damage the integration of the joint. The watertight seal is formed by tightening the bolts and compression of the gasket between the two flanges.
Grooved and Shoulder Joints use u-shaped coupling that goes around the plain end of a pipe that either has a groove cut into it or a shoulder threaded onto it. The u-shaped coupling fits into the groove to join/restrain the pipe.
Inside the u-shaped coupling is a gasket that compresses between the coupling and the pipe to form the watertight seal. This type of joint is used in above-ground applications. Grooved/shoulder joints should never be used in underground applications.
Grooved joints are available in flex or rigid configurations depending on the need for deflection.
Ball and Socket Pipe has the greatest degree of deflection of any joint, for up to as much as 4.5 feet of offset for an 18-foot length of pipe. It ranges from twelve to fifteen degrees per joint. This joint describes itself.
Components of the River Crossing joint are machined to precise dimensions providing optimal deflection capabilities. Pipe class options are also available, providing installation options to either 'float' or 'sink' the pipe into place. Like the wing of an airplane, the structure and strength of this specialized joint serve to split any water or current it passes through harmlessly while it settles to the bottom of the waterway on its own.
This joint deflection may be horizontal or vertical. This deflection capability allows the pipe to be assembled on the bank or the back of a barge. The joints deflect as needed to adapt to the bottom of any waterway.
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Selecting a suitable class of ductile iron pipe can be challenging for professional engineers. There are many different options available that are widely used in water supplies, wastewater management processes, and industrial applications. It's significantly crucial to choose the most appropriate class depending on your project needs and budget.
Generally speaking, there are two classes of ductile iron pipes, each divided into more detailed groups. C and K classes are these two practical families mainly classified by working pressure and wall thickness in order.
The most popular classes in these two groups are K7, K8, K9, C25, C30, and C40, and each offers unique properties, prices, applications, and benefits. Experts and engineers should choose one based on project demands and budget. Today's Yasmin Trading blog discusses these ductile iron pipe classes in more detail. It provides you with all the information you require to make the best decision.
In the first place, you need to understand the significant differences between the C class and the K class. It helps you select the suitable ductile iron pipe class. According to McWane Ductile, Here are some general differences explained between C and K classes before dicing in more detail.
Considering all these features and differences, it is important to make the final decision wisely. Each class offers unique applications and properties used in projects with different purposes.
As explained below, the K and C class ductile iron pipes are widely used in different industries. Due to their high durability and resistance, their primary focus and application is water distribution systems. Different types of ductile iron pipe are classified into these two groups.
As mentioned, class K is divided into different groups by numbers. The number 7 in this type of ductile iron pipe indicates the internal pressure withstanding capacity. The following table discusses some technical properties of the K7 ductile iron pipe.
Pressure Rating 7 bar Tensile Strength Min. 420 MPa Elongation at Break Min. 10% Modulus of Elasticity 1.7 x 10^10 Kg/M^2 Hardness Max. 230 BHN Standard Sizes DN 80 mm to DN mm External Coating Options Red/Blue Epoxy, Black Bitumen, Zn & Zn-AI Coatings Internal Coating Options Cement Lining, Sulphate Resisting Cement Joint Methods T type, Mechanical joint, Self-anchorExperts prefer to use the K class in water distribution systems. In fact, this type of ductile iron pipe is the best for municipal water supply, industrial applications, or infrastructure projects. It is considerably corrosion-resistant, which makes it a proper choice for such challenging environments.
The K8 class of ductile iron pipes is widely used in various infrastructure projects. Their long lifespan, high durability, and minimal maintenance requirements are only some of their unique features.
Tensile Strength Min. 414 MPa Yield Strength 42,000 psi Elongation at Break Min. 10% Pressure Class 100 psiThese pipes are also lined with an internal coating to extend their lifespan and improve their corrosion resistance.
There are many different applications for the K8 class of ductile iron pipes. Engineers use them in water distribution systems, sewage conveyance, fire hydrant systems, buried pipelines, irrigation systems, and other industrial applications.
These K9 ductile iron pipes are also easy to bend, making the installation process more manageable than usual. They provide experts with a high level of fire-resistant properties and good seismic resistance, ensuring long-term reliability.
Like the K8 class in ductile iron pipes, the K9 class is also used in water management systems and is the most prevalent application. These types of pipes are similar to the K8 class but with slightly different characteristics.
The last popular selection of K-class ductile iron pipes is K12. Due to their toughness, ductility, and corrosion resistance, they are used in specific and somewhat complex projects.
Wall Thickness 7 mm Nominal Diameter 80mm to mm Rubber SBR, NBR, EPDM Zinc Coating Min. 130gsm Bitumen Coating Min. 70μm Pressure Rating -10°C to 80°C Effective Length 6m / 5.7mMoreover, polyethylene encasement is used in K12 class ductile iron pipes to enhance its resistance in corrosive environments.
Besides applying K12 pipes in water distribution systems, they are used in long-distance water transmission. Generally speaking, these pipes are used in various industries, such as chemical, oil, and gas.
Class C ductile iron pipes are designed to handle higher working pressure. Different industrial applications are determined for the C20 class of pipes. A summary of technical parameters regarding this class of ductile iron pipes is provided.
Pressure Rating 100 psi Tensile Strength 20,000 psi External Coating Options Zinc Primer Plus Bitumen, Epoxy Painting Rubber SBR, NBR Bitumen Coating Min. 70 μm Zinc Coating Min. 130 g/m²These pipes also have an internal coating to prevent rust formation and increase longevity.
The C20 class ductile iron pipes are utilized in water supply projects, drainage, sewage, irrigation, and water pipelines. They also benefit agricultural networks due to their high-pressure endurance level.
These pipes have many properties in common with other C classes but with minor distinctions.
Pressure Rating 100 psi Tensile Strength 25,000 psiThese pipes always provide experts with the best water distribution, irrigation, or industrial use solutions.
They offer many different industrial advantages, such as cooling water, process fluids, and chemical transport. The C25 class also plays a vital role in water management systems, just like other classes. Whether the project concerns fire hydrants or irrigation systems, these pipes guarantee a long-lasting performance.
Tensile strength is the most significant difference between this selection and other C classes. The table below provides more technical data.
Pressure Rating 100 psi Tensile Strength 30,000 psiThese pips, as can other available selections, can withstand pressure and load effectively.
They have the same applications and usage as other C classes. However, their mechanical properties make them suitable for use as industrial pipelines.
As explained, these pipes are manufactured with the same pressure rating in the C class but with different tensile strengths.
Pressure Rating 100 psi Tensile Strength 40,000 psiThey have similar applications to other C-class ductile iron pipes. However, experts prefer to use C40 pipes when higher tensile strength is needed in a specific project.
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