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"Adjustable wrench" redirects here. For the composition by Michael Torke, see Adjustable Wrench (Torke)
From the bottom:An adjustable spanner (UK and most other English-speaking countries), shifting spanner (Australia and New Zealand),[1] English wrench (Turkey)[2] or adjustable wrench (US and Canada) is any of various styles of spanner (wrench) with a movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener head (nut, bolt, etc.) rather than just one fastener size, as with a conventional fixed spanner.[3]
Forms and names
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There are many forms of adjustable spanners; many of them are screw-adjusted, whereas others use levers, and some early ones used wedges. The early taper-locking spanners needed a hammer to set the movable jaw to the size of the nut. The modern screw-adjusted spanner and lever types are easily and quickly adjusted. Some adjustable spanners automatically adjust to the size of the nut, using a motor and battery. Simpler models use a serrated edge to lock the movable jaw to size, while more sophisticated versions are digital types that use sheets or feelers to set the size.
Geesin ()[4] shows that wrenches with screw adjustment of various kinds were well known in the early 19th century and that one by William Barlow in was prescient.[4] By the s, many designs with a central screw and a lower jaw moved by a nut were well known.[4] Geesin[4] and others[5][6][7] document that English engineers Richard Clyburn and Edwin Beard Budding presented some influential new designs in and . The one by Clyburn had the form of thumbwheel screw with worm-on-rack arrangement that would later be the most famous via subsequent adaptations. Improvements followed. In Enoch Harris received US patent [8] for his spanner that permitted both the jaw width and the angle of the handles to be adjusted and locked.
One of the most widely known forms of adjustable wrench in the 21st century is an improved version of the Clyburn type; it was developed in '. The Swedish company Bahco attributes its invention to Johan Petter Johansson,[9][10] who in received a Swedish patent for it.[11][12] In Canada and the United States, this type is often known as a Crescent wrench owing to widespread genericization of the brand name[13] of the company that held the original U.S. patent for this type (U.S. patent A), the Crescent Tool Company. (The Crescent brand is now owned by the Apex Tool Group). As Geesin documents,[4] the worm-on-rack type (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) was invented in Britain,[4] and later popularized in Scandinavia via the Bahco/Johansson improvement, before its manufacture in the United States was patented. The Bahco/Johansson/Crescent category (regardless of which terminology is used to name it) became so dominant in the 20th century that in North America, the very term adjustable wrench usually elicits the meaning of this type in general usage today, unless another type is specified. In Australia it is sometimes referred to as a "shifting spanner" or its abbreviated form of "shifter".[14]
Monkey wrenches are another type of adjustable spanner with a long history; the origin of the name is not entirely clear, but Geesin reports that it originated in Britain with a fancied resemblance of the wrench's jaws to that of a monkey's face, and that the many convoluted folk etymologies that later developed were baseless.[4] Before the Bahco/Johansson/Crescent type became widespread in the United States, during the industrial era of the s to the s, various monkey wrench types were the dominant form of adjustable wrench there.
Another popular type of adjustable spanner has a base and jaws that form four sides of a hexagon, and is therefore particularly suited for hexagonal nuts ("hex nuts") and hexagonal headed ("hex head") cap screws and bolts.
In some parts of Europe, adjustable spanners are often called a Bahco,[10][15] owing to genericization of the name of the Bahco/Johansson type. In Denmark, this type of spanner is commonly referred to as a "svensknøgle", which basically translates to Swedish key. The Swedes themselves call the key "skiftnyckel", which is translated into adjustable key (shifting key).[16] In Australia, adjustable spanners are also referred to as "shifters". In Spain, this kind of spanner is commonly called "llave inglesa", which means literally English key. Remarking the difference with the pipe wrench, also adjustable, in Spain this one is called "grifa", and it does not have any accurate translation. [14]
Design and use
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The fixed jaw can withstand bending stress far better than can the movable jaw, because the latter is supported only by the flat surfaces on either side of the guide slot, not the full thickness of the tool. The tool is therefore usually angled so that the movable jaw's area of contact is closer to the body of the tool, which means less bending stress. Still, one should avoid applying excessive force on tight bolts, since doing so can pry open the mounting of the movable jaw causing the wrench to no longer be able to be snugged to bolt heads, loosen too easily, or mar bolt heads. In some cases the jaws of the tool can break.
Gallery
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See also
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References
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An adjustable spanner or adjustable wrench ' sometimes also called a 'crescent wrench' is an open-end wrench with one fixed jaw and another movable jaw, allowing it to be used with different sizes of fastener heads, by turning the screw that moves the movable jaw.
There are 4 major types of Adjustable Wrenches.
1. Adjustable Spanners By far the most common type, adjustable spanners, also known as crescent wrenches, are found in almost any household.
2. Monkey Wrench This type of adjustable wrench is typically used in large-scale projects. It is distinguished by a long handle and jagged jaw grips that stay firmly affixed to all kinds of pipes, boxes, or other objects.
3. Pipe Wrench The pipe wrench is very similar and often confused with the monkey wrench. The pipe wrench is suitable for working on soft iron pipes and round-surface fittings. It should not be used with hex nuts because the teeth of its jaws would damage the hex head.
4. Plumber Wrench The plumber wrench has a key ring attached to one of its handles, which is used to close the movable jaws around the pipe or fitting. Since it clasps with significant force, the plumber wrench does not have to engage the nut or bolt head it is applied to.
Adjustable Wrenches for Industrial Applications
Adjustable wrenches have become a widely used tool in the industrial environments. Many users of adjustable wrenches use these tools as a proxy or replacement to using fixed jaw spanners like combination/ring or open-ended spanners. This is not correct and therefore not recommended under guidelines issued by the Hand Tool Institute of USA, for safe use of handtools. Adjustable wrenches cannot provide necessary load and grip of fixed jaw spanner and will have tendency to slip and damage equipment and/or cause injuries.
The use of Adjustable wrenches should be avoided as far as possible and used only for light duty applications.
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A recent study conducted on Hand Injuries in the United States posted on Safety Tool Box site shows that over 1,15,000 injuries are reported every year by Hand Tools.
About 25,000 people account for over 22% of the hand injuries every year, that are caused by using screwdriver and adjustable wrenches.
Torque Standards for Adjustable Wrenches.
Refer to IS standard for Single Ended Open Jaw Adjustable Wrenches/Spanner, a 300 mm or 12' Adjustable spanner is tested on a 32 mm A/F test bar. The qualifying load for a Normal Duty adjustable wrench is 480 Nm (or 49 kgf-m). If you compare this with a fixed jaw spanner, the qualifying load for a 32 mm open ended spanner is 643 Nm and 884 Nm for a Ring/Box type spanner respectively.
Therefore, adjustable wrenches are not designed for regular industrial use and do not have the strength equal to that of similar size fixed jaw spanners. Adjustable wrenches should therefore only be used for light duty applications and cannot replace fixed jaw spanners.
In its recommendations to ensure safety, Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering of North Carolina State University, advises that Adjustable Wrenches should not be used on nuts and bolts.
Adjustable Wrenches in Flammable Environments, Explosives
As a first step towards safety, it is important to note is that Steel hand tools should not be used in environments with flammable vapors, liquids and solid. Even a small amount of spark caused by steel tools striking another surface, can lead to fire and potential explosion. Only Non-Sparking Hand Tools should be used. Non-Sparking Materials do not create high energy sparks and therefore prevent the risk of fire.
When handling explosives, flammable chemicals, additional care should be taken, as the nature of operations is even more critical than general industrial environments.
An article published in the magazine Drilling Contractor on 10 safety tips for hand and finger safety in Oil and Gas Drilling Operations suggests banning the use of adjustable wrenches, as the use of these wrenches has been found to be a very common cause for hand injury.
A slip of the adjustable or a pipe wrench can damage the equipment and cause a major accident. So, not only are these wrenches a serious risk to the human safety, but also are a safety hazard for the equipment, on which they are used.
Another Canadian Major Oil and Gas Company, Cenovus, in their Safety Guidelines have mentioned:
'The correct size wrench is preferred over adjustable, crescent spanner, or thumb wrenches. These wrenches can damage the fasteners and are more prone to slip off than the proper wrench.'Cenovus Safety Policy
Conclusion
It is very clear that Adjustable wrenches of any type should not be used as a replacement for fixed jaw wrenches. These wrenches should only be used in light duty applications, that too very carefully, following all the safety guidelines. Many user companies have gone to the extent of banning the use of such wrenches in their facilities, because they have found that despite several guidelines, it is a human tendency to find a way around and follow the path of least resistance. But this has resulted in many workers getting injured and their hands getting impaired for life. Human hands are very complex structures, and once damaged, can almost never be restored to their original strength and dexterity. So, hands must be protected at all costs, and not using adjustable wrenches is a major positive step in that direction.
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