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Micrograph of grey cast ironGray iron, or grey cast iron, is a type of cast iron that has a graphitic microstructure. It is named after the gray color of the fracture it forms, which is due to the presence of graphite.[1] It is the most common cast iron and the most widely used cast material based on weight.[2]
It is used for housings where the stiffness of the component is more important than its tensile strength, such as internal combustion engine cylinder blocks, pump housings, valve bodies, electrical boxes, and decorative castings. Grey cast iron's high thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity are often exploited to make cast iron cookware and disc brake rotors.[3]
Its former widespread use[clarify] on brakes in freight trains has been greatly reduced in the European Union over concerns regarding noise pollution.[4][5][6][7] Deutsche Bahn for example had replaced grey iron brakes on 53,000 of its freight cars (85% of their fleet) with newer, quieter models by 'in part to comply with a law that came into force in December .[8][9][10]
Structure
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A typical chemical composition to obtain a graphitic microstructure is 2.5 to 4.0% carbon and 1 to 3% silicon by weight. Graphite may occupy 6 to 10% of the volume of grey iron. Silicon is important for making grey iron as opposed to white cast iron, because silicon is a graphite stabilizing element in cast iron, which means it helps the alloy produce graphite instead of iron carbides; at 3% silicon almost no carbon is held in chemical form as iron carbide. Another factor affecting graphitization is the solidification rate; the slower the rate, the greater the time for the carbon to diffuse and accumulate into graphite. A moderate cooling rate forms a more pearlitic matrix, while a fast cooling rate forms a more ferritic matrix. To achieve a fully ferritic matrix the alloy must be annealed.[1][11] Rapid cooling partly or completely suppresses graphitization and leads to the formation of cementite, which is called white iron.[12]
The graphite takes on the shape of a three-dimensional flake. In two dimensions, as a polished surface, the graphite flakes appear as fine lines. The graphite has no appreciable strength, so they can be treated as voids. The tips of the flakes act as preexisting notches at which stresses concentrate and it therefore behaves in a brittle manner.[12][13] The presence of graphite flakes makes the grey iron easily machinable as they tend to crack easily across the graphite flakes. Grey iron also has very good damping capacity and hence it is often used as the base for machine tool mountings.
Classifications
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In the United States, the most commonly used classification for gray iron is ASTM International standard A48.[2] This orders gray iron into classes which correspond with its minimum tensile strength in thousands of pounds per square inch (ksi); e.g. class 20 gray iron has a minimum tensile strength of 20,000 psi (140 MPa). Class 20 has a high carbon equivalent and a ferrite matrix. Higher strength gray irons, up to class 40, have lower carbon equivalents and a pearlite matrix. Gray iron above class 40 requires alloying to provide solid solution strengthening, and heat treating is used to modify the matrix. Class 80 is the highest class available, but it is extremely brittle.[12] ASTM A247 is also commonly used to describe the graphite structure. Other ASTM standards that deal with gray iron include ASTM A126, ASTM A278, and ASTM A319.[2]
In the automotive industry, the SAE International (SAE) standard SAE J431 is used to designate grades instead of classes. These grades are a measure of the tensile strength-to-Brinell hardness ratio.[2] The variation of the tensile modulus of elasticity of the various grades is a reflection of the percentage of graphite in the material as such material has neither strength nor stiffness and the space occupied by graphite acts like a void, thereby creating a spongy material.
Properties of ASTM A48 classes of gray iron[14] Class TensileAdvantages and disadvantages
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Gray iron is a common engineering alloy because of its relatively low cost and good machinability, which results from the graphite lubricating the cut and breaking up the chips. It also has good galling and wear resistance because the graphite flakes self-lubricate. The graphite also gives gray iron an excellent damping capacity because it absorbs the energy and converts it into heat.[3] Grey iron cannot be worked (forged, extruded, rolled etc.) even at temperature.
Relative damping capacity of various metals[15] Materials Damping capacity' Gray iron (high carbon equivalent) 100'500 Gray iron (low carbon equivalent) 20'100 Ductile iron 5'20 Malleable iron 8'15 White iron 2'4 Steel 4 Aluminum 0.47 'Natural log of the ratio of successive amplitudesGray iron also experiences less solidification shrinkage than other cast irons that do not form a graphite microstructure. The silicon promotes good corrosion resistance and increased fluidity when casting.[12] Gray iron is generally considered easy to weld.[16] Compared to the more modern iron alloys, gray iron has a low tensile strength and ductility; therefore, its impact and shock resistance is almost non-existent.[16]
See also
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Contact us to discuss your requirements of oem iron casting manufacturer. Our experienced sales team can help you identify the options that best suit your needs.
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Notes
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References
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Further reading
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There are several types of cast iron. Four of the most common are:
Gray iron. This iron alloy contains so much carbon it precipitates out in the form of graphite flakes. These carbon flakes increase the metal's strength, especially its compressive strength which is three to five times as great as its tensile strength. But its impact strength is below that of most other cast ferrous metals.
Gray iron has no distinct yield point (as defined by classical formulas), so it should not be used when permanent and predictable plastic deformation is preferred over catastrophic failure. Another important characteristic of gray iron, particularly for precision machinery, is its ability to damp vibration. Its damping capability is a function of the amount and type of graphite flakes; as the amount of graphite decreases, so too does the damping capacity.
Gray irons resist wear and even the softer grades perform well under certain borderline lubrication conditions, such as in the upper cylinder walls of internal combustion engines. To increase gray iron's hardness, which is advantageous if a part will be exposed to abrasive wear, technicians can add alloying elements, or use special foundry techniques or heat treatments.
READ MORE: A Green Way to Make Iron
Gray iron is specified by a two-digit designation. Class 20, for example, specifies a minimum tensile strength of 20,000 psi. It is also specified by cross section and minimum strength of a test bar. The test bar's cross-section usually matches or is related to a particularly critical section of the finished part. This second specification is necessary because gray iron's strength is highly sensitive to cross section, with smaller cross sections cooling faster and creating stronger parts.
Typical gray iron applications include automotive engine blocks, gears, flywheels, brake discs and drums, and machine bases. Gray iron serves well in machinery applications because of its fatigue resistance.
Ductile iron. Ductile iron contains trace amounts of magnesium which reacts with sulfur and oxygen in the molten iron and leads to carbon precipitating out as small spheres of graphite. These spheres make ductile iron stiffer, stronger and more shock-resistant than gray iron. Metallurgists make different grades of ductile iron by fine-tuning the iron's crystalline structure around the graphite, which can be done before casting by formulation or after casting by applying heat treatments.
Adding magnesium to the alloy ends up making ductile iron stronger and more shock-resistant than gray iron. It also has a higher modulus of elasticity, but its damping capacity and thermal conductivity are lower than those of gray iron. By weight, ductile iron parts are more expensive than gray iron parts. But finished parts are stronger with better impact resistance and overall part costs can be about the same.
READ MORE: Comparing Hot and Cold Rolled Steel
A three-part designation lets designers specify ductile iron with defined characteristics. The designation for one typical alloy, 60-40-18, for example, specifies a minimum tensile strength of 60,000 psi, a minimum yield strength of 40,000 psi and 18% elongation in 2 in.
Ductile iron is used in applications such as crankshafts because it is easy to machine, and it has high fatigue strength and modulus of elasticity. It is used for heavy-duty gears due to its high yield strength and wear resistance. And it can be found in door hinges for cars, thanks to its ductility.
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