In the metal cutting industry, there are many different component designs and types of materials used. Each material has its own unique characteristics influenced by the alloying elements, heat treatment, hardness, etc. This strongly influences the choice of cutting tool geometry, grade, and cutting data. Therefore, workpiece materials have been divided into 6 major groups in accordance with the ISO standard, where each group has unique properties regarding machinability.
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ISO P – Steel is the largest material group in the metal cutting industry. This material ranges from unalloyed to high-alloyed and includes steel castings. The machinability is normally good but differs a lot depending on material hardness, carbon content, etc.
ISO M – Stainless steels are materials alloyed with a minimum of 10.5% chromium. Other alloying elements, such as nickel and molybdenum, may also be added. Different conditions, such as ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, and austenitic-ferritic (duplex), make this alloy group large. What these types of alloys have in common is that they expose cutting edges to a great deal of heat, notch wear, and build-up.
ISO K – Cast iron is, contrary to steel, a short-chipping type of material. Gray cast iron (GCI) and malleable cast irons (MCI) are quite easy to machine, while nodular cast iron (NCI), compact cast iron (CGI), and austempered cast iron (ADI) are more difficult. All cast irons contain silicon carbide (SiC), which is very abrasive to the cutting edge.
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ISO N – Non-ferrous metals are softer types of metals such as aluminum, copper, brass, etc. Aluminum with a silicon content (Si) of 13% is very abrasive. Generally, high cutting speeds and long tool life can be expected for this group when using inserts with sharp edges.
ISO S – Heat-resistant super alloys include a number of high-alloyed iron, nickel, cobalt, and titanium-based materials. They are sticky, create build-up on edges, tend to work harden, and generate heat i.e. similar to the ISO M materials but much more difficult to cut and shortened tool life.
ISO H – This group covers steels with a hardness between 45–65 HRc as well as chilled cast iron around 400–600 HB. Their hardness makes them difficult to machine. The materials generate heat during cutting and are very abrasive to cutting edges.
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