Drying is one of the most performed industrial processes, and people have been drying materials since fire was discovered. Since it is such an old and important process there are numerous methods of industrial drying, but selecting the correct one is essential for producing a high quality end product. Choosing the wrong type of dryer technology can lead to problems with the material, including being burnt, or not fully dried due to lower drying efficiencies. Some materials will clump when dried incorrectly, melt if exposed to too hot of a temperature, or rot and spoil if not dried completely. Some dryers can perform additional processing along with the drying, and if this is not done the product can be ruined.
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One popular type of dryer is the belt dryer, which mechanically conveys the material on a moving conveyor belt, exposing it to the heat source suspended above. These dryers are good for when the material cannot be agitated or mixed while drying, or when emissions are a concern. Even though they have a large footprint, they can be flexible to fit within an area, and can often elevate material while drying.
Belt dryers are not able to dry thoroughly to the lower residual moistures that other dryers can reach, and because the material is stationary on the belt there is an inconsistent level of drying where the surface has been dried but inner layers which were not exposed retain their moisture. Trying to fix this by increasing temperatures or residence time can result in the top layer burning by the time the inner layers do dry. Belt dryers also often have higher operation and maintenance costs than other dryers, since the belt will wear out and needs constant adjustment to keep the tension correct. Material will fall under the belt and while being conveyed and need to be cleaned before build up causes sanitation and abrasion issues. Belt dryers have also been attributed to several combustible dust explosions ignited by the friction heat of the belt.
Fluid bed dryers can be built with food grade stainless steel, and can include clean in place nozzles and removable hoods to make cleaning easy and efficient. Dried material can also be back-mixed to help dry difficult to process materials.
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Considered the workhorse of the drying industry, rotary dryers are one of the most versatile types of industrial dryers and are used in many industrial processing industries. Rotary dryers can efficiently dry a wide range of materials from powders, clumped solids to liquid sludges.
Wet solids are introduced into the material feed of the rotary dryer and travels along the inside of the dryer via rotation and slope of the shell. Internal flighting showers the solids uniformly through a hot gas stream. The hot gas heats the material directly via forced convection, raising the solids temperature and volatizing any surface moisture. Hotter, drier solids typically get discharged from a chute underneath the shell. The gas and solids can flow either in a co- or counter-current flow pattern.
Flash and tornesh dryers provide lower drying efficiency than other technologies but capital cost, space requirements, and maintenance may be reduced.