Screw pumps belong to the family of dry compressing gas transfer pumps. They are positive-displacement pumps that use two screw shaped intermeshing rotors to move gas along the screw’s axis. They are frequently used in industrial vacuum applications, often in combination with roots blowers and as oil-free roughing pumps in high and ultrahigh vacuum systems.
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Screw pumps operate using two counter-rotating screw rotors which are engineered so that they rotate “towards each other”. This traps the gas in the space between the “screws” of their rotors. As the screws rotate, this trapped volume decreases which not only compresses the gas but moves it towards the exhaust.
Mechanical bearings support the rotors at both ends. The cantilever design solution supports the rotors at the high-pressure end and the rotors can be cooled internally. A motor drives the two rotors via a gear. Gear and the bearings are lubricated but separated from the pumping mechanism ('vacuum generator') via shaft seals or labyrinth seals, thus the compression is oil-free. The rotors have no mechanical contact between each other and the pump housing, resulting in zero mechanical wear. To keep the installed electrical power low, modern pumps are driven by an electronic frequency converter and rotate slower at pressures ranges near atmospheric pressure. Some versions use so-called blow-off valves instead to keep the rotating speed constant also at high pressures. Cooling is normally done by water.
Screw pumps can reach ultimate pressures of ~ 1e-3 mbar. The operating pressure range is 103 to 10-2 mbar. Various sizes with pumping speed ~ 60 - m³/h are available. The pumping speed in the vacuum range < 10 - 50 mbar can be enhanced by placing a roots blower on top. These combinations, often in one single pump housing, are available up to m³/h
Screw pumps have become the standard solution in almost every industrial vacuum process. Vacuum furnaces for brazing or sintering, metallurgical systems, even steel degassing plants use the advantage of dust resistance and long service intervals. In food processing, food drying, food packaging and even freeze dryers tend to use oil free screw pumps to avoid the contamination of pump oil by water or debris from the process. Large scale coating like architectural glass coaters use screw pumps as roughing pumps for the high vacuum pumps. Screw pumps also are the ideal choice for regeneration of larger cyropumps.
Screw pumps are today also the standard primary pump in large scale scientific experiments such as big storage rings, gravitational wave detectors or space simulation chambers.
A screw pump is a positive-displacement pump that use one or several screws to move fluid solids or liquids along the screw(s) axis.
The screw pump is the oldest positive displacement pump.[1] The first records of a water screw, or screw pump, dates back to Ancient Egypt before the 3rd century BC.[1][2] The Egyptian screw, used to lift water from the Nile, was composed of tubes wound round a cylinder; as the entire unit rotates, water is lifted within the spiral tube to the higher elevation. A later screw pump design from Egypt had a spiral groove cut on the outside of a solid wooden cylinder and then the cylinder was covered by boards or sheets of metal closely covering the surfaces between the grooves.[1]
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A cuneiform inscription of Assyrian king Sennacherib (704–681 BC) has been interpreted by Stephanie Dalley[3] to describe casting water screws in bronze some 350 years earlier. This is consistent with classical author Strabo, who describes the Hanging Gardens as watered by screws.[4]
The screw pump was later introduced from Egypt to Greece.[1] It was described by Archimedes,[5]: 242–251 on the occasion of his visit to Egypt, circa 234 BC.[6] This suggests that the apparatus was unknown to the Greeks before Hellenistic times.[5]: 242–251
Three principal forms exist; In its simplest form (the Archimedes' screw pump or 'water screw'), a single screw rotates in a cylindrical cavity, thereby gravitationally trapping some material on top of a section of the screw as if it was a scoop, and progressively moving the material along the screw's axle until it is discharged at the top. This ancient construction is still used in many low-tech applications, such as irrigation systems and in agricultural machinery for transporting grain and other solids. The second form works differently; it squeezes a trapped pocket of material against another screw. This form is what is typically referred to in modern times with the term 'screw pump'. The third form (the progressive cavity pump or eccentric screw pump) squeezes a trapped pocket of material against the cavity walls by spinning the screw eccentrically.
Like all positive-displacement pumps, all various kinds of screw pumps function by trapping a volume of material somehow, and then moving it. There are numerous ways to shape the screw or the cavity to accomplish this function, and the number of screws working together can be many. The term 'screw pump' refers generically to all of these types. However, this generalization can be a pitfall as it fails to recognize that the different ‘screw' configurations have different advantages and design considerations for each, which lead to the various kinds being suitable for very different use cases, material types, flow rates, and pressures.
One of the most common configurations of a screw pump is the three-spindle screw pump. Three screws press against each other to form pockets of the pumped liquid in the grooves of the screws. As the screws rotate in opposite directions, the pumped liquid moves along the screws' spindles. There is nothing magical about two, three or any number of screws; pockets are formed regardless. Three rather than two spindles are used because this allows the central screw to experience symmetrical pressure loading from all sides. This ensures that the central screw is not pushed sideways, will not be bent, and thus eliminates the need for radial bearings on the main axle to absorb radial forces. The two side screws can then be made as internally-hidden free-floating rollers, lubricated by the pumped liquid itself, thus eliminating the need for bearings on those axles. This is commonly desired because seals and bearings on machines are common sources of failure.
Three-spindle screw pumps are most often used for transport of viscous fluids with lubricating properties. They are suited for a variety of applications such as fuel-injection, oil burners, boosting, hydraulics, fuel, lubrication, circulating, feed, and to pump high-pressure viscous fluids in offshore and marine installations.
Compared to various other pumps, screw pumps have several advantages. The pumped fluid is moving axially without turbulence which eliminates foaming that would otherwise occur in viscous fluids. They are also able to pump fluids of higher viscosity without losing flow rate. Also, changes in the pressure difference have little impact on screw pumps compared to various other pumps. There is also very little back-drive on the power axle, and the output of the flow is typically very even and doesn't pulsate much.
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