The numbers on commercially produced fertilizers indicate the percentage of each main ingredient in the mixture. The first number indicates the percentage amount of nitrogen in the fertilizer, the second number indicates the amount of phosphorous, and the third number indicates the amount of potassium.
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NPK in fertilizer stands for nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). These are the three main nutrients, also called primary or macronutrients, that plants need to grow healthy leaves, stems, roots, flowers, and fruit.
Nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium can be included in equal or varied amounts depending on the intended purpose of the fertilizer. Nitrogen promotes healthy leaves and green foliage growth. Phosphorous helps roots, flowers, and fruit growth. Potassium encourages stronger stems and fast growth.
The actual numbers on the fertilizer label often vary slightly from the chart above. Organic fertilizers are typically less concentrated than synthetic fertilizers, so the numbers will be lower. For example, an organic bulb fertilizer with the numbers 3-5-3 contains more phosphorus than nitrogen and potassium.
Fertilizers are made with different nutrient ratios to suit specific plant needs. For many plants, a fertilizer that contains all three nutrients in equal amounts'this is known as a complete balanced fertilizer'is just fine.
Depending on the type of plant and/or its growth stage, it is important to select a fertilizer with a higher amount of one of the nutrients. For flowering or fruiting plants, a fertilizer with a high phosphorus content is often better, and for targeting leafy growth (like on a lawn), a fertilizer with mostly nitrogen is the best choice.
Most fertilizer contains nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium with additional micronutrients and fillers. If you purchase a 10-10-10 fertilizer, the remaining 70 percent contains other ingredients that are necessary for the main nutrients to combine and absorb into the soil properly'plus, they provide extra benefits to your plants.
Fertilizers often contain some of the more than a dozen other nutrients. Plants only need those macronutrients in small amounts but they play an important role because deficiency causes a wide range of problems. Important micronutrients include:
Before you start shopping for a fertilizer, make sure to get your soil tested. Without asoil test, you can only guess what you actually need.
A complete soil test will also tell you the pH of your soil, which is crucial because it impacts the availability of nutrients to plants. It is best to get a soil test done by a professional soil laboratory (you can often get soil test kits through your local cooperative extension office).
The following quick checklist will help you determine which fertilizer you need:
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The final thing you'll need to consider when choosing a fertilizer is whether to buy organic or conventional. Conventional fertilizer can come from a variety of different sources, but it is made from inorganic material. They are usually fast-acting and water-soluble. While they can help give your plant a nutrient boost, they won't necessarily improve the soil quality. If you apply too much conventional fertilizer, you could risk burning/damaging your plants.
Choosing what fertilizer to buy for your indoor plant can seem like a daunting task, but don't worry, it's really not all that complicated. I'm here to guide you through the steps in how to choose which one will work best for you. I do recommend reading '4 Things To Know BEFORE Fertilizing Your Indoor Plant' before you read any further.
First off, you need to know that fertilizers are categorized by three numbers, NPK, which refer to the percentage of active ingredients of N (nitrogen), P (phosphorous), and K (potassium). They will always be listed in that order and different plants have varying needs of each nutrient.
Nitrogen helps with the 'green-ness' factor of your plant and the growth of it's leaves.
Phosphorus helps root and flower development and can be particularly important for flowering indoor plants such as orchids.
Potassium helps general cellular functions such as regulating the stomatas and catalyzing the plants enzymes.
If you have a flowering indoor plant or an indoor plant that is a bit more delicate, consider getting it a specialized fertilizer rather than just using an all-purpose one. They contain the nutrients needed for these plants to flower and do the best they can. If you are looking to fertilize an orchid, azalea, or poinsettia, I'd especially recommend looking into one of the fertilizers listed below.
In general, your houseplant will do just fine with an all-purpose fertilizer about every month in spring and summer months. Some fertilizers are liquid and are directly added to water while others are powder and can be dissolved in your water. Either one works great for your indoor plants.
I recommend using a fertilizer with an NPK of 20-20-20, 10-15-10, or a 15-30-15. Professionals will often use a specialized 24-8-16 but an all purpose fertilizer will serve you and your indoor plants just fine. Any general brand should work just fine but below I've linked the fertilizers I've personally used and can recommend confidently.
And that's it! Fertilizer can help with plant health and optimum growth though it's not always necessary. Although, I do highly recommend being strict about fertilizing if you have a palm due to their slower vascular systems.
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